Array declaration

A declaration of the form T a [ N ] ; , declares a as an array object that consists of N contiguously allocated objects of type T . The elements of an array are numbered ​ 0 ​ , …, N - 1 , and may be accessed with the subscript operator [], as in a [ 0 ] , …, a [ N - 1 ] .

Arrays can be constructed from any fundamental type (except void ), pointers, pointers to members, classes, enumerations, or from other arrays of known bound (in which case the array is said to be multi-dimensional). In other words, only object types except for array types of unknown bound can be element types of array types. Array types of incomplete element type are also incomplete types.

The possibly constrained (since C++20) auto specifier can be used as array element type in the declaration of a pointer or reference to array, which deduces the element type from the initializer or the function argument (since C++14) , e.g. auto ( * p ) [ 42 ] = & a ; is valid if a is an lvalue of type int [ 42 ] .

There are no arrays of references or arrays of functions.

Applying cv-qualifiers to an array type (through typedef or template type manipulation) applies the qualifiers to the element type, but any array type whose elements are of cv-qualified type is considered to have the same cv-qualification.

// a and b have the same const-qualified type "array of 5 const char" typedef const char CC; CC a[5] = {}; typedef char CA[5]; const CA b = {};

When used with new[]-expression, the size of an array may be zero; such an array has no elements:

int* p = new int[0]; // accessing p[0] or *p is undefined delete[] p; // cleanup still required

[edit] Assignment

Objects of array type cannot be modified as a whole: even though they are lvalues (e.g. an address of array can be taken), they cannot appear on the left hand side of an assignment operator:

int a[3] = {1, 2, 3}, b[3] = {4, 5, 6}; int (*p)[3] = &a; // okay: address of a can be taken a = b; // error: a is an array struct { int c[3]; } s1, s2 = {3, 4, 5}; s1 = s2; // okay: implicitly-defined copy assignment operator // can assign data members of array type

[edit] Array-to-pointer decay

There is an implicit conversion from lvalues and rvalues of array type to rvalues of pointer type: it constructs a pointer to the first element of an array. This conversion is used whenever arrays appear in context where arrays are not expected, but pointers are:

#include #include #include void g(int (&a)[3]) { std::cout  a[0]  '\n'; } void f(int* p) { std::cout  *p  '\n'; } int main() { int a[3] = {1, 2, 3}; int* p = a; std::cout  sizeof a  '\n' // prints size of array  sizeof p  '\n'; // prints size of a pointer // where arrays are acceptable, but pointers aren't, only arrays may be used g(a); // okay: function takes an array by reference // g(p); // error for (int n : a) // okay: arrays can be used in range-for loops std::cout  n  ' '; // prints elements of the array // for (int n : p) // error // std::cout std::iota(std::begin(a), std::end(a), 7); // okay: begin and end take arrays // std::iota(std::begin(p), std::end(p), 7); // error // where pointers are acceptable, but arrays aren't, both may be used: f(a); // okay: function takes a pointer f(p); // okay: function takes a pointer std::cout  *a  '\n' // prints the first element  *p  '\n' // same  *(a + 1)  ' '  a[1]  '\n' // prints the second element  *(p + 1)  ' '  p[1]  '\n'; // same }

[edit] Multidimensional arrays

When the element type of an array is another array, it is said that the array is multidimensional:

// array of 2 arrays of 3 int each int a[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, // can be viewed as a 2 × 3 matrix {4, 5, 6}}; // with row-major layout

Note that when array-to-pointer decay is applied, a multidimensional array is converted to a pointer to its first element (e.g., a pointer to its first row or to its first plane): array-to-pointer decay is applied only once.

int a[2]; // array of 2 int int* p1 = a; // a decays to a pointer to the first element of a int b[2][3]; // array of 2 arrays of 3 int // int** p2 = b; // error: b does not decay to int** int (*p2)[3] = b; // b decays to a pointer to the first 3-element row of b int c[2][3][4]; // array of 2 arrays of 3 arrays of 4 int // int*** p3 = c; // error: c does not decay to int*** int (*p3)[3][4] = c; // c decays to a pointer to the first 3 × 4-element plane of c

[edit] Arrays of unknown bound

If expr is omitted in the declaration of an array, the type declared is "array of unknown bound of T", which is a kind of incomplete type, except when used in a declaration with an aggregate initializer:

extern int x[]; // the type of x is "array of unknown bound of int" int a[] = {1, 2, 3}; // the type of a is "array of 3 int"

Because array elements cannot be arrays of unknown bound, multidimensional arrays cannot have unknown bound in a dimension other than the first:

extern int a[][2]; // okay: array of unknown bound of arrays of 2 int extern int b[2][]; // error: array has incomplete element type

If there is a preceding declaration of the entity in the same scope in which the bound was specified, an omitted array bound is taken to be the same as in that earlier declaration, and similarly for the definition of a static data member of a class:

extern int x[10]; struct S { static int y[10]; }; int x[]; // OK: bound is 10 int S::y[]; // OK: bound is 10 void f() { extern int x[]; int i = sizeof(x); // error: incomplete object type }

References and pointers to arrays of unknown bound can be formed, but cannot (until C++20) and can (since C++20) be initialized or assigned from arrays and pointers to arrays of known bound. Note that in the C programming language, pointers to arrays of unknown bound are compatible with pointers to arrays of known bound and are thus convertible and assignable in both directions.

extern int a1[]; int (&r1)[] = a1; // okay int (*p1)[] = &a1; // okay int (*q)[2] = &a1; // error (but okay in C) int a2[] = {1, 2, 3}; int (&r2)[] = a2; // okay (since C++20) int (*p2)[] = &a2; // okay (since C++20)

Pointers to arrays of unknown bound cannot participate in pointer arithmetic and cannot be used on the left of the subscript operator, but can be dereferenced.

[edit] Array rvalues

Although arrays cannot be returned from functions by value and cannot be targets of most cast expressions, array prvalues may be formed by using a type alias to construct an array temporary using brace-initialized functional cast.

Like class prvalues, array prvalues convert to xvalues by temporary materialization when evaluated.

Array xvalues may be formed directly by accessing an array member of a class rvalue or by using std::move or another cast or function call that returns an rvalue reference.

#include #include #include void f(int (&&x)[2][3]) { std::cout  sizeof x  '\n'; } struct X { int i[2][3]; } x; templatetypename T> using identity = T; int main() { std::cout  sizeof X().i  '\n'; // size of the array f(X().i); // okay: binds to xvalue // f(x.i); // error: cannot bind to lvalue int a[2][3]; f(std::move(a)); // okay: binds to xvalue using arr_t = int[2][3]; f(arr_t{}); // okay: binds to prvalue f(identityint[][3]>{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}}); // okay: binds to prvalue }

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[edit] Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.